Opto-Electronics for Communications: Spectrum Analysis

Opto-Electronics for Communications: Spectrum Analysis This experiment studies the wavelengths of the colours in the spectrum of a light source. I will measure the angle at which colour splits. I will carry out this experiment with three different light sources: Tungsten LED Laser Diode Light Source Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum describes all the wavelengths. It ranges from the smallest waves possible, radio waves to the largest waves, Gamma radiation. All different size waveforms have different uses. Energy Frequency Wavelength Radiation type Typical use Lowest Lowest Longest Radio waves Television signals Microwaves Cooking, mobile phones Infrared Optical fibre communication Visible light Seeing Ultraviolet Detecting forged bank notes X-rays Medical images of bones Highest Highest Shortest Gamma radiation Killing cancer cells The only Electromagnetic waves we can see are Visible Light Waves. We see visible light waves as colours of the rainbow. Each different colour has its own wavelength different to the others. The longest wavelength is Red, with the shortest wavelength being Violet. The combination of all the light wave colours makes white light. Diffraction We can see each colour of the Visible light spectrum by shining a white light through a prism. By diffraction, the white light splits apart into different colours of visible light. Water vapour can carry out the same effect of diffraction, and the result is a rainbow. Gratings A diffraction grating is a slide with a number of parallel slits drawn on it. The slits are very small, usually 600 per 1mm. When a beam of light is directed at the grating, light will diffract of it and the light is dispersed in certain directions only. This is commonly used to separate colours of the incident light because the diffracted light has different angles according to: All equipment used for this experiment was taken from the PASCO Educational Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit Rotary Motion Sensor Aperture Bracket Light Source PASCO data acquisition software High Sensitivity Light Sensor Equipment Setup Set up the Spectrophotometer next to your chosen light source as shown in Figure 2. Mask the light source with Collimating Slits so it transmits a thin 0.5 to 1.0 cm beam. A hood should be used over the light source to remove any distortion in the experiment results. Align the light source. Turn on the light source and align the light beam by adjusting the Collimating Slits, Collimating Lens and Focusing Lens so a clear image of the central ray appear on the light sensor. Connect the Light Sensor and Rotary Motion Sensor to channels A and B of the PASCO computer interface. Software Setup Open the PASCO data acquisition software. Connect Digital channels 1 and 2 to the Rotary Motion Sensor. Connect Analog Channel A to the Light Sensor. Set up parameters for the Rotary Motion Sensor. A sample rate of 20 Hz with a high resolution of 1440 Divisions per Rotation. Use the PASCO softwares calculator function to calculate the Actual Angular Position based on the Angular Position measurement made by the Rotary Motion Sensor. The measured Angular Position should be divided by 2à Ã¢â€š ¬. Data Recording Setup In the PASCO data acquisition software, select the graph mode. Select the vertical axis as Light Intensity, and Horizontal axis as Actual Angular Position. Turn off the lights in the laboratory to ensure the results are as accurate as possible and no background light interferes. On the top of the light sensor select the appropriate gain setting. Different light sources will require different settings. Select Start Recording Data Turn the light sensor slowly in one complete circle. This will scan through the first order spectrum lines and data will be recorded in the PASCO data acquisition software. Select Stop Recording Data Data Analysis Setup The size of the wavelength can be calculated by analysing the results of the experiments and using the gratings equation. By using a visible light spectrum, we can determine what colour the light is from the size of the calculated waveform. Wavelength Measure the two peaks, R1and R2 Use the visible light wavelength spectrum below to find out what the wavelegth is Tungsten Light Source Dating back to the 1800s, Tungsten light sources are the oldest and most tested light source invented. They first became commercialised by Thomas Edison at the end of the century, leading on to the first light fittings, named after Edison himself. The Edison Screw or ES. A Tungsten filament is the key element to a Tungsten light source. Light is emitted from the filament when it is heated. The filament is heated by passing current through it. This is possible because of the high amount of current passing through such a small conductor. Inert gas such as Argon usually surrounds the conductor to ensure that it does not ignite. 95% of the energy from a Tungsten light source is wasted in the form of heat. Only 5% of the energy is actually used in the form of visible light. This makes it a very inefficient light source. Being a blackbody radiator, a Tungsten light source has a continuous spectrum of light. It generates a high amount of red light compared to natural day light, which gives it the yellow tint. Beyond the visible light spectrum a Tungsten light source even emits infrared wavelengths. This is a waste of energy as it cannot be seen by the human eye. On the next page are the results from the PASCO data acquisition software whilst carrying out the experiment procedure using a Tungsten light source. The light sensor was set to have a gain setting of 100 because of the large spectrum that the wavelength covers. Peak to peak wavelength: Infrared Waveform Trough to trough: Ultraviolet Waveform My experiment results show that the Tungsten light source is emitting wavelengths in the range of 317.88 to 895.14nm. The Tungsten light source is a warm white light as well as Infrared and Ultraviolet light. LED Light Source A LED or Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor that gives out light when current is passed through it. It is a much more efficient method of emitting light compared to more conventional light sources such as Incandescent lights or Fluorescent lights because less heat is generated, resulting in less heat loss. As well as being more energy efficient compared to Incandescent light sources, LED light sources have a much longer operational time. At the end of an Incandescent lights life the filament will burn out, resulting in the bulb not emitting light. A LED light source after 50,000 hours of use will start to become dimmer and emit less light. The result of this is a light source that lasts a lot longer. The first commercial LED light sources developed were by Hewlett Packard in 1968 to replace indicator lamps. At this time, only LEDs emitting red light were available. Only later on in 1994 were LEDs that emitted blue light first demonstrated by Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, who went on to be awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery. With the invention of blue coloured LEDs, the invention of white LEDs became apparent. The white LED is a combination of LEDs that emit red, green and blue light. This then led to the LED light source revolution we currently live within. The working principle behind a LED is what is called a P-N Junction. A P-N junction will convert electric current into visible light. This is often called electroluminescence. Colour Wavelength (nm) Typical Material Used Infrared > 760 Gallium arsenide Red 610 to 760 Aluminium gallium arsenide Orange 590 to 610 Gallium arsenide phosphide Yellow 570 to 590 Gallium arsenide phosphide Green 500 to 570 Gallium phosphide Blue 450 to 500 Zinc selenide Violet 400 to 450 Indium gallium nitride Ultraviolet Indium gallium nitride White Broad Spectrum Cool white is a blue LED combined with a yellow phosphor. Warm white is a blue LED combined with a orange phosphor. Table 1: Wavelengths of each colour LED Above is a table outlining the individual wavelengths for each colour that is produced by Light Emitting Diodes. The most common type of LED light source shines line in a single direction. The result of this is a light bulb that only lights up a small area. To correct this problem for use as light sources to light up areas and not as indication lights, most LED light sources are coupled with reflective plates that distribute the light evenly around the room. On the next page are the results from the PASCO data acquisition software whilst carrying out the experiment procedure using a LED light source. The light sensor was set to have a gain setting of 100 because of the large spectrum that the wavelength covers. Peak 1 Peak to peak wavelength: Yellow Waveform Trough to trough: Green Waveform Peak 2 Peak to peak wavelength: Blue Waveform Trough to trough: Blue Waveform My experiment results show that the LED light source is emitting visible light in the ranges of 388 to 473nm and 514 to 583nm. The LED is emitting a combination of yellow and blue to create a cool white colour. White LED By combining yellow and blue waveforms, a cool white colour is formed. This is carried out by lining a blue LED with yellow phosphor. Both yellow and blue photons are emitted. This method of creating white light is much more effective than the more conventional LED RGB method of combining red, green and blue waveforms. This effect was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton in the early 1700s when he was performing colour matching experiments. The colour temperature of the white LED light source is controlled by the thickness of the yellow phosphor that is coated onto the blue LED. Over time, the yellow phosphor will degrade and so the colour characteristics of the LED light source will change. Operating at high temperatures can accelerate this. Laser Light Source Laser is an acronym of Light amplification by simulated emission of radiation. A laser light source emits light when electrons in the atoms of gases become excited by absorbing energy from electrical current. Electrons travel from the lower energy point to the higher energy point around the atoms nucleus. When they travel back from the higher point to their resting state the electrons emit visible light. The wavelength of the photons emitted are constant and coherent, unlike ordinary visible light from other light sources. This means that only one wavelength of light is emitted from a laser light source, resulting in only one specific colour. Also because of this, the light is not diffused like a conventional light source. The light emitted is a very tight beam. The result of this is a beam of light that can travel much further than other light sources. By harvesting the narrow powerful light, laser light sources have various applications such as: Entertainment Laser light shows are created by bouncing different lasers into each other to create special effects Computing Lasers can be used as a form of communication due to the high speed of light. The most common application is fibre optics. Production Due to the high amount of energy concentrated in a laser light source, they can be used in production to cut a range of materials. Optical Fibre Communications Information in the form of coded light of infrared signals are carry across Optical Fibres. The information carried across Optical Fibres can be much more than an ordinary copper data cable of the same diameter. An optical fibre is a very thin shard of glass. Next to no light is absorbed by the glass. Light is carried from one end to the other by total internal reflection (TIR), even when the fibre is bent. The signals in optical fibres do not weaken as much over long distances as the signals in ordinary cables. The laser diode that is used for optical fibre communications is typically either 850nm, 1300nm or 1550nm. This means that the waveform used is in the infrared field of the electromagnetic spectrum. We use infrared because the attenuation if the fibre is less at infrared wavelengths. On the next page are the results from the PASCO data acquisition software whilst carrying out the experiment procedure using a LED light source. The light sensor was set to have a gain setting of 10 because of the small spectrum that the wavelength covers. Peak to peak wavelength: Red Waveform Trough to trough: Red Waveform My experiment results show that the laser light source is emitting visible light in the range of 624 to 690nm. The laser is emitting a red light. The overall results of the spectrum experiment look unique to each other. All three light sources have different spectra to each other. The Tungsten light source has a wide range across the spectrum covering all the visible colours, as well as ultraviolet light to infrared. The LED light source has a much smaller range across the spectrum compared to the Tungsten light source by only emitting waveforms that combine colours to create a cool white effect. The Laser light source had the smallest range on the visible light spectrum, only covering the colour red. This light source is much more concentrated on one area of the spectrum compared to the other light sources. From the results, I can see why each type of light source is used for its applications. Tungsten light sources cover all colours within the visible light spectrum, and so they are good for illuminating objects, in the form of a light bulb. LED light sources only cover specific colours within the visible light spectrum, and so they are good for indication lamps and signals. Laser light sources only cover one area of the light spectrum and therefor used for communications. Laser diode light sources are the key piece of equipment for optical communications because of the small wavelength that they emit. This small wavelength can be interpreted as data signals and used as optical communications. The overall results of this experiment where great. The result were exactly how I predicted them to be. If I could change anything about the experiment, it would be the Tungsten light source. I would use a larger light source as the Tungsten light source used was not very effective during the experiment. Dr Yongkang Gong University of South Wales Lecturer For teaching me about light waves Christopher Edwards Alex Houston Daniel Price University of South Wales Students For taking part in this series of experiments. BBC. (n.d.). Introduction to light waves. Retrieved from BBC Bite Size. Lighting Research Centre. (n.d.). How is white light made with LEDs? Retrieved from http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightingAnswers/led/whiteLight.asp NASA. (n.d.). What Wavelength Goes With a Color? Retrieved from https://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html PASCO. (n.d.). Educational Spectrophotometer Accessory Kit and System. Photon Start. (n.d.). How LEDs Produce White Light. Retrieved from http://www.photonstartechnology.com/learn/how_leds_produce_white_light Physics Education. (n.d.). What is electromagnetic radiation? Retrieved from http://cmb.physics.wisc.edu/pub/tutorial/spectrum.html Physics Forums. (n.d.). LED light diffraction . Retrieved from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/led-light-diffraction-scattering.211563/ Science World. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wolfram: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SnellsLaw.html Snells Law Explained. (n.d.). Retrieved from Hyper Physics: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/refr.html The Law of Refraction. (n.d.). Retrieved from Math Fundimentals: https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-01a/chu/Fundamentals/snell.htm TIR. (n.d.). Retrieved from Physics Class Room: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-3/Total-Internal-Reflection X-Rite. (n.d.). What is a spectrophotometer? Retrieved from http://www.xrite.com/learning/other-resources/what-is-a-spectrophotometer

Class Room Survey on Mobile Phones Essay

Mobile Mania A Classroom survey on mobile phones Mobile phone is a smart communication media. Every day around the world, billions of people are using a mobile. Whether they are using while driving vehicles, watching television or speaking on the phone, all these are classified under a single sub-heading: Mobile Mania. Millions of people own a mobile phone these days, and mobiles are no more a luxury or a life style product. Mobile phones, which were one of the beautiful possessions of anybody not until a decade ago, have now become a necessity to the common man. Table-1 Brand used Mobile phones are a common form of contacting others who may live on the other side of the world. But gone are the days when people used it only for communication purpose. The roles of mobile phones are varied and a survey conducted among 60 students of JSB helps the researcher to reveal the use of mobile phones apart from basic communication. In this study, the researcher has analyzed the brand preference of mobile phone. The analysis of the data is based on the attitude or opinion, consumer awareness and selection of brand of mobile phones in JSB.

The Legal Drinking Age Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1539 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Drinking Age More lives have been saved in the last two years alone by safety belts and air bags than have been saved in the 30 years since the adoption of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, making the Legal Age to consume alcohol 21 (McCardell). According to the above quote it is shown that increasing the legal drinking age to 21 has done nothing: it is more common to be saved by a seatbelt and airbag in a car accident than it was before increasing the legal drinking age to 21. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will cause less temptation and urge to drink at a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“non-legalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  age. This will also create more honesty among young adults with the simple fact them knowing it is legal and they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t breaking a law. People would be less sneaky about it and it would make drinking a lot safer. After all it is considered to be an adult at 18 and it is legal to purchase tobacco products, get a tattoo, vote, and even de fend our country. If the government is worried about the health risks then it shouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be allowed to purchase tobacco at 18 either. A logical legal drinking age is 18. This topic is extremely relevant to todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society because it is such a part the social world we live. Drinking alcohol is often the focal point of most social events including; church, weddings, concerts, sporting events, restaurants, bars, and many private parties. In some countries including Belgium, Denmark and Germany, 16-year-olds are permitted to buy beer and wine (Griggs). Other countries such as, Iceland, Japan, South Korea and Thailand, young adults have the opportunity to drink at the age of 18 (Griggs). Prohibiting the consumption of alcohol publically encourages students and young adults to drink behind closed doors and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pre-gameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  before heading out to parties or concerts where they know they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t consume alcohol lawfull y. This behavior is much more likely to result in an overdose, leading to disorderly conduct and no one getting medical help if or when it is needed (Huffington Post). Lowering the legal drinking age to 18 will create less underage drinking and less temptation to drink. Increasing the drinking age to 21 hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t stopped kids and young adults from drinking (CBSnews). In the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s when the legal drinking age increased to 21 the goal was to decrease the amount of highway fatalities there were. Experts believe that the increased drinking age has led to a significant breakthrough in excessive drinking among kids and young adults (CBSnews). Its not shocking to hear that the legal drinking age is one of Americas commonly violated drug laws, however many have yet to realize that having such a high minimum age is doing more harm than good (Huffington Post). Truthfulness, sincerity, or frankness are all characteristics of honesty. Being honest in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society is rare. Around the age of 18 is when young adults want to experiment with things like alcohol and tobacco products. Tobacco products, especially, because the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“legalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  age to purchase tobacco is 18. With the way society has changed ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“coolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to go to parties and drink with your friends. However, with this being an illegal action, kidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feel they need to do it behind à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“closed doorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and into a very unsafe environment (CBSnews). This is not good for multiple reasons, kids are inexperienced and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how much is too much and its common for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“friendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to pressure friends into doing unsafe things. For example, drinking games have become a popular thing to do among young adults (CBSnews). When teens take part in drinking games this leads to too much alcohol in a too short of a time period leading to getting sick, getting hurt or hurting someone else, passing out, or even dying. If something were to happen at a party where there wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t anyone aware there was drinking and someone were to become severely intoxicated and in harmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s way, someone underage is less likely to get help or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fess upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  due to it being illegal. This is where it becomes harmful and dangerous (CBSnews). Cops have to limit underage drinking due to it being illegal. It is the law. With that being said this is an unenforceable law (CBSnews). John McCradell founder of Choose Responsibly points out that the 21 year old legal drinking age limit hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reduced binge drinking and that its unreasonable to tell some adults who are able to join the military, gamble, and get married that theyre not responsible enough to drink (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Is the National Drinking Age Doing More Harm than Good?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ). Underage drink ing is strongly associated with many health and social problems among youth including alcohol-impaired driving, physical fighting, poor school performance, sexual activity, and smoking too (Fact Sheets Age 21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age). If the government is truly convinced that lowering the drinking age will cause health factors among young adults then the purchase of tobacco products should be unlawful until the age of 21 also. Tobacco has no health benefits and is harmful to others if smoking cigarettes. There are, however, studies to support that in moderations alcohol can have health benefits. Some believe that the age of 8 or maybe even 6 could be the minimum legal drinking age in the U.S (Griggs). Lowering the drinking age to such young ages would allow parents to educate their children about alcohol and remove the enticement, which makes rebellious teenagers sneak off to basements and cars to binge drink without adult supervision. The Puritan ethic has really shaped the way alcohol is regulated in the U.S., Martinic said. According to Brandon Griggs Alcohol is seen more as a drug, and not something thats integrated into everyday life. Marjana Martinic says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“18 is viewed (by most countries) pretty much as a reasonable age limit, after all at the age of 18 is when you legally become an adult and become responsible for everything. It may be assumed that many young adults are too immature to drink at age 18 and that it is unhealthy. Drinking is unhealthy if too much is being consumed in short amount of time causing intoxication ;if alcohol is consumed excessively every day or if drinking large amount of alcohol infrequently ( binge drinking). Some research speculates that some young adult livers may not be a fully developed at the age of 18, like that of an adult at the age of 21and that drinking may predispose on to liver problems. Many studies however support that drinking responsibly has proven to be not all that harmful for most peop le. Too much alcohol intake contributes to more than 4,300 deaths among underage youth under the age of 21 in the United States each year (Fact Sheets). With that being said young and inexperienced drinkers donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how to regulate what truly is too much other than to pass out or black out. About 2 in 3 high school undergraduates who drink do so to the point of intoxication, that is, they binge drink (defined as having five or more drinks in a row), typically on multiple occasions (Fact Sheets). No studies have determined a direct cause and effect result between a higher drinking age and reduced drunk driving fatalities. In addition, there have been numerous studies completed that have found no correlation between the drinking age and other alcohol related harms such as, vandalism, suicide and homicides. Unfortunately supporters of a heightened drinking age only focus on drunk driving rather than the other off-road harmful effects of excessive alcohol that go i n hand with underage drinking (Huffington Post). A logical drinking age is 18. It makes more sense to do away with this law simply because ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a law cops canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t control (CBS news). There are not significant studies to support the drunk driving fatalities platform in which the lower drinking age was based on. Legally an adult is 18. If at 18 years of age an individual is held legally accountable for their actions then it should be lawful to drink at 18 and pay the consequences of drinking irresponsibly. Works Cited CBSNews. The Debate On Lowering The Drinking Age. CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 19 Feb. 2009. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-debate-on-lowering-the-drinking-age/2/gt;. Commerce, The Ohio Department Of, and Division Of Liquor Control. SUMMARY OF OHIOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S 21 DRINKING AGE LAW. SUMMARY OF OHIOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S 21 DRINKING AGE LAW (n.d.): n. pag. THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DIVISION OF LIQUO R CONTROL. STATE OF OHIO, Sept. 2004. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/waitl_learn_live/drinkagelaw.pdfgt;. Fact Sheets Age 21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/mlda.htmgt;. Griggs, Brandon. Should the U.S. Lower Its Drinking Age? CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 16 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/16/us/legal-drinking-age/gt;. McCardell, John. Choose Responsibility. Legal Age 21. Choose Responsibility, n.Web. 17 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.chooseresponsibility.org/legal_age_21/gt;. Tracy, Sam. Is the National Drinking Age Doing More Harm Than Good? The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-tracy/national-drinking-age-doing-more-harm_b_4629417.htmlgt;. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Legal Drinking Age Essay" essay for you Create order

Why Book Should Not Be Suppressed - 1500 Words

Sahil Dosani Professor Shani Suber DIRW-0310-71031 19 October 2016 Why a Book Should not be Suppressed When books are forbidden, it illuminates a refusal of the censors to look at the world with open eyes; they close their eyes like they closed the banned book. Banning books uncovers more about the control than the book or the writer brought into the glare of publicity. Those who advocate banning books do so for various reasons, usually inappropriate language or social situations based on the perceived maturity of the reader. The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian covers three of the heated issues of this era which are racism, bullying, and alcoholism. Through the medium of this book, Sherman Alexi was trying to acknowledge the society from a young age and to encourage the upbringing of knowledge in young adolescents and set their minds not to follow bullying, racism and alcoholism, hence books made it easier to achieve this. So, my claim is that books should not be banned. Research shows that by the age of nine kids are already aware of slang language and bad habits. Even if the youth reads a book that contains offensive information, it will not make any difference because they have already been introduced to these ideas. However, the book, The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian includes mature issues which the youth is already aware of, so these books should not be banned. Most teenagers have claimed they have been bullied; it is a growing situation happeningShow MoreRelated Naipaul Does Not Deserve his Nobel Prize Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesimmense knowledge of writing procedures that other authors have not begun to attempt to use? Or is an appropriate representation of the authors subject that is solely objective, and lacks all personal opinions? If that was the case, several Prizes should be taken away from some authors and handed to other more deserving writers. V. S. 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The Natural Nature Of Life - 957 Words

â€Å"Sublime in nature†, the word itself is enough to know how horrific and dangerous experience that one can experienced from a natural activities. The natural experience that can last forever due to the terror and pain that you faced while experiencing it is called the natural sublime. Natural sublime experience could be anything that can take away your breath because of some kind of horror and astonishment that your faced/remember from that particular [natural sublime] experience. In my case, I had experience a natural sublime, which almost killed me. I have also imagined two other natural sublime experiences that I am planning to do next summer; climbing Mt. Everest and bungee jumping [I am going to experience both in Nepal]. Who want to experience a death? Everyone right? I mean no one wants to die but experiencing it is a whole different idea. My Natural Sublime experienced is no less than that. I experienced a death [not literally]. I was about 12 years old, hanging out with my friends. We had a pond near our house. We went there without our parent’s permission. We were having fun in the pond. As like a swimming pool, the pond had a different water level. Accidently I got into the water where it was more that 20 ft. of water [I didn’t know how to swim]. I was in the water, drowning deep down, almost unconscious. For a few second I didn’t know what to do, I was thinking about how I am going to die soon, I thought about my friends, families [mostly I was scared that IShow MoreRelatedThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 Pagesour human nature that makes us feel great when we get a job and makes us feel horrible for something we steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and h as a purpose to live a good life. If someone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life, then theirRead MoreThe Wrongfulness Of Euthanasia By J. Gay Williams1473 Words   |  6 Pagestaking the life of a presumably hopeless person† (Gay-Williams 1979, 278). Based off aspects of his definition, Gay-Williams formats his three main arguments against active euthanasia which stem from nature, self-interest, and practical effects. Out of the three proposed arguments, the argument from nature stands out personally, as the least sound. Briefly stated, this argument is not sound because it fails to offer distinction between human characteristics which are the result of natural selectionRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Essay examples1037 Words   |  5 PagesObeying by the natural law theory is the only true and moral way to live life; especially a life lived in God’s image. God’s presence is a guiding factor to obtaining a moral and virtuous life, which can only be obtained by following the natural law theory. God created a set of laws as a supreme guide for humans to live life, like any law these laws were created to ensure wellbeing for everyone. The laws he created are the civil law, the natural law and the divine law God created them from a lawRead MoreWilla Cather s My Antonia1432 Words   |  6 Pagesà ntonia, Cather uses the theme of the natural world to further expand on the persona of the character, Jim Burden, and his romantic outlook on life. Jim shows a strong bond to nature because it brings back his idyllic childhood memories and the feelings he had of absolute bliss. By connecting the theme of nature to his childhood, Jim presents the idea that he feels dissatisfied as an adult in the city and misses his life on the farm where he was in union with nature. Moreover, Jim links à ntonia, theRead MoreNature And Nature : Emily Dickinson And Walt Whitman1326 Words   |  6 Pages Nature has an undefinable meaning as the theme is utilised in literature, and it has been a topic of reflection within the Romanticists since the beginning of the era. Romanticism and nature and inextricably linked ideas. Poets; Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman wrote during the romantic era, and both drew heavily from aspects of nature in their work. Nature can be paralleled against several things, including humanity and the idea of life and death. The contrast between the natural world and theRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1189 Words   |  5 Pages When Charles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species he was aware that it would not easily be accepted. Darwin compares the struggle he anticipates to the challenges encountered in other scientific fields, writing, â€Å"The difficulty is the same as felt by so many geologists, when Lyell first insisted that long lines of island cliffs had been formed, and great valleys excavated, by t he slow action of the coast-waves† (Darwin, 392). Darwin anticipates that his theoryRead MoreThe Environmental Issues Of Avatar1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Earth by 2154. In particular, Avatar demonstrates the results of overusing natural resources and thus forcing humans to continue to destroy other areas of nature for sources of energy. Since there is no longer energy on Earth, the only option is to seek out energy from a natural habitat where indigenous Na’vis have been living for years. In addition, since there is no energy, Earth is not able to sustain organic life or rich produce. Furthermore, the place is called Pandora and contains an atmosphereRead MoreEssay The Natural Law by Thomas Aquinas1670 Words   |  7 Pagessense guides people, culture, and even whole countries to act in certain ways. Thomas Aquinas called this innate sense the natural law. The natural law is established by God in order to make men more virtuous. When examined closely it is found t hat the natural law contains the precept of all law and, is at odds with certain laws that exist today, specifically abortion. The â€Å"natural law is appointed by reason† (Aquinas IV, 94, 1) and given to everyone. This is very contrary to popular belief that rightRead MoreThe New Technology Can Save Lives960 Words   |  4 Pages(44). When he says this he is talking about the meaning of life. Our early ancestors looked at everything in nature as living, and everything had purpose, but now we look at all of nature’s beauties as resources. Technology is robbing our lives of meaning according to McKibben, while Kurzweil thinks the exact opposite. Mark Sagoff is a philosopher of environmental sciences whom has written a number of books. Sagoff’s book Is Human Nature Obsolete: Genetics, Bioengineering, and the Future of the HumanRead MoreSimilarities Between Wordsworth And Romanticism1488 Words   |  6 Pageswriters to emphasize the beauty of the natural world because they questioned both the advancements of industry and the virtue of human rationalism (Kagan 416-418). British Romantics William Wordsworth and John Keats both embrace the uplifting and inspiring qualities of the natural world in many of their poems. However, while Wordsworth alludes to a spiritual atmosphere in his I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Keats directly addresses the temporal qualities of nature in his To Autumn. Wordsworth uses

Five Pillars of Islam Free Essays

According to teachings and beliefs of Islam, the mission is to reform society, making it moral and good. In the traditional practices of Islam, as a child one is taught to memorize the Qur’an. It is said that as one gets older the power of these words helps them in shaping their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Pillars of Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Qur’an teaches that there is only God that should be prayed and worshipped to. There belief is also that when humans wrote down some of God’s original messages the true message was somehow altered and not written correctly. A chant, which is the first thing that infant hears is whispered â€Å"La ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad-un Rasulu-llah† which means (â€Å"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God†). Islam teaches that Muhammad was God’s messenger hear on earth. Muhammad is said to be the true deliverer, because his scriptures were direct from God. The Qur’an is said to be authentic, the words that God said have not be been changed, but are direct and not translated. One can only find peace and harmony if they believe and surrender to Allah (God). There are two major sins according to Islam. One is called shirk, it means to only worship one God. The other kufr, to be ungrateful to God, or atheist. Islam teaches that one must be fearful and love God. The unseen life show’s that Muslims believe in angels of God, here on earth with specific responsibilities, some recording our every deed. There is also the belief in the after life and hell. The Five Pillars of Islam are considered God’s commandments. The beliefs of Muslims are reflected in these Pillars. The first Pillar, the Shahadah, is believing and professing the unity of God and the messengership of Muhammad. Secondly, it is required that one prays five times per day, facing Mecca. Thirdly, the zakat, which is the donation of at leas two and a half percent of one’s yearly accumulated wealth. Fourth, is fasting, and finally the firth Pillar is hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, which is expected of every Muslim at least once in their lifetime, performing traditional rituals and practices. Following these commandments are required of all that practice the Islamic religion, paying homage to God. These help to bring one closer to God and all his glory. How to cite Five Pillars of Islam, Papers

Koehler V Cerebos (Aust) Ltd - Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theKoehler v Cerebos (Aust) Ltd. Answer: Introduction In an employment contract, certain terms are fixed between the employer and an employee (Freedland, 2016). But even beyond these terms, there are certain duties of both the employer and employee towards each other. One of such duties of an employer is the duty of care. An employers duty of care towards their staff contains that they have to take required steps which adequately make certain the healthiness, wellbeing and safety of an employee (CCH Australia Limited, 2010). Demonstration of concern for the physical and mental health of the employees is not a legal duty of any employer. Though, it is considered as a key factor which helps in building trust. It also reinforces the commitment of the employees can helps in boosting productivity. Legally, all the relevant health and safety laws along with the employment laws are to be followed in addition to the common law duty of care. The case of Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd[2005] HCA 15 222 CLR 44; 79 ALJR 845; 214 ALR 355 deals wit h this very common law of duty of care of an employer towards its employee. The incidents of work stress stimulated psychiatric illness claims have been prevalent since 1990s. The removal of workers compensation legislation in State of Western Australia has assisted common law claims for work stress stimulated psychiatric illnesses. On April 6, 2005, a key verdict on employees negligence action was given in the case of Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (Butler, 2006). In this case, the plaintiff was a worker of the Defendant. The Plaintiff believed that she was majorly overworked and did some formal complaints to the Defendant. Though, these complaints never mentioned that she was in distress. Later on, the Plaintiff developed psychiatric illness because of her job and sued for negligence. In the following segments, the arguments as a Defendant of the case have been presented. Arguments as a Defendant The Plaintiff has brought proceedings in the District Court of Western Australia on the claims that the Defendant used to unreasonably overload her with work negligently. This made her strained so much that she suffered major depressive damage which disabled her from functioning. It has further been brought forward by the Plaintiff that the Defendant knew or should have known about the risks of psychological damage to the Plaintiff as a reason of her constant pleadings for reprieve, help and a decrease in her load of work. The Plaintiff has referred to a case of breach of contract and a breach of Section 19(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 which contain the duties of employers (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2005). It was the duty of the Defendant being an employer, to provide and maintain safe system of work and to provide such information, guidance and command to the employees that are essential to facilitate them to execute their job in a way which does not expose them to hazards. The Plaintiff was completely wrong in saying that the duties as an employer were not fulfilled by the Defendant. The Defendant maintains proper workplace and maintains such workplace which does not expose the employers to any hazards. Further, the defendant has provided with necessary instructions and supervision which is essential to facilitate the employees to execute their job in a way which does not result in exposure to hazards. Further it was not required by the Defendant to hire any particular expertise to anticipate that the worker would experience a threat of damage in the circumstances (Jade, 2004). There was no evidence provided by the Plaintiff to the Defendant which would have alerted the Defendant about the risk of psychiatric injury to the Plaintiff. The plaintiff had made some formal complaints about the excessive workload to the Defendant. The complaints did not in any way, state that she was in distress. The complaints only said that she was not able to complete her job to her contentment as a reason of the high load of work. It is worth noting that the Defendant could not have predicted that the employee would get a psychiatric illness because of the load of work. The Defendant has provided witnesses who clearly show that the Plaintiffs duties did not exceed the reasonable levels. They have further proved that the excessive workload has not caused her disability. There was a lack of exterior signs of suffering or probable damage. The Defendant was not in the position where he could have predicted that the Plaintiff would have been exposed to some threat of damage because of performing her obligations as a part time merchandiser. The complaints did not warrant any measures which had to be taken to thwart the growth of a psychiatric illness. The Plaintiff did not showcase any changes in the demeanor, behavior or the personality regarding the actual symptoms or illness upon her. Without any such information or change in the behavior, the Defendant could not foresee that the Plaintiff was suffering from an illness. Lastly, because of the lack of any proof regarding the psychiatric weakness, there was no ground for finding a foreseeable risk of a psychiatric injury. The Defendant would like to refer to the case of Hatton v Sutherland [2002] (Swarb, 2015). In this case, certain principles were stated by her Ladyship (Hale LJ) to establish for a claim to succeed against an employer (Chan, 2005). Referring to such principle, the Defendant assumed that the Plaintiff could cope up with the usual stress of the job. Further, the Defendant has no knowledge about the circumstances that initiated the claim. Lastly, the claim was neither foreseeable nor was resulted due to a breach of employers duty. The Defendant would also like to draw notice to the case of Barber v Somerset County Council, where it was clearly established that the work expected from the teacher as per demand placed upon him was not justified. The employer should have checked on the teacher during his sick absence. He should have provided the teacher with adequate support. Since, this was not done, the employer was held responsible for a breach of duty to care (Swarb, 2016). But in this case the Defendant never knew about the illness of the Plaintiff. Nor could they have known about such illness in any case. So, the claims of the Plaintiff should be set aside. Summary of the Case Ms Koehler was firstly awarded $856,742 by the Commissioner who evaluated the damages and gave judgment in favor of the Plaintiff. After this, the employer fruitfully appealed the verdict. This was consequently appealed by in the High Court.The employer was not held responsible by the High Court. The Court held that there was enough proof that Ms Koehler's duties were excessive by industry standards. But, the Court acknowledged that the said duties were within the limits placed in the relevant legislative guideline. The Court also held that it was logical for employer to believe that Ms Koehler's complaint of load of work was the result of an industrial relations dispute due to the cutback in her days of work from 5 to 3. Ms Koehler had never mentioned about psychiatric illness. Also, Ms Koehler's situation was not noticeably evident in form of absence from work or distress. The High Court concluded that the employer could not have predicted the threat of psychiatric injury. Conclusion As per the verdict given by the Commissioner, as a Defendant, the employer had to pay up the sum of $856,742. But, on further appeal in the High Court the Defendant was proved right. It was clearly established in the Court that even though the employee was over worked as per the standards of the industry. But as per the legislations and the rules, in the matter of employment, the employee was not over worked. The work that was being done by the employer was within the limits stated in different laws. The High Court was also content that there was no case of a failure in the duty of care by the employer. The employee was not bound to undertake the services of any particular expert who could have foreseen any risk of injury. This was because there was no evidence or proof of any mental injury amongst any of the employees, especially Ms. Koehler. She had not shown any external signs of mental injury nor was there an absence on her part from work by the reasons of illness. There was no evidence which would have alerted the employer about the threat of psychiatric injury to Ms. Koehler (Hor, 2005). The case of Koehler v Cerebos is a landmark decision in context of stress stimulated psychiatric illness in the place of work. The decision of High Court in this case has established that for foreseeing any psychiatric risk, there has to be presence of signs and symptoms in the particular employee which is adequately visible to the employer (Teff, 2008). This case acts as a savior for the employers in related circumstances. This verdict has been welcomed and applauded by the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The Chamber has warm heatedly accepted the decision of High Court about foreseeability of illness. This case shows that the employee has to communicate the problems rather than assuming that the employer knows everything and then holding them accountable for a breach of duty. References Australasian Legal Information Institute (2005) High Court of Australia: Koehlerv Cerebos (Australia) Ltd [2005] HCA 15; (2005) 222 CLR 44; (2005) 214 ALR 355; (2005) 79 ALJR 845 (6 April 2005). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: [Accessed on 08/09/16] Australasian Legal Information Institute (2005) High Court of Australia: Koehlerv Cerebos (Australia) Ltd [2005] HCA 15; (2005) 222 CLR 44; (2005) 214 ALR 355; (2005) 79 ALJR 845 (6 April 2005). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2005/15.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=koehler#fn20 [Accessed on 08/09/16] Butler, D.A. (2006) Psychiatric injury in the workplace: Directions for cases involving stress or bullying. Torts Law Journal, 14(2), pp 124-134. CCH Australia Limited (2010) Australian Master Fair Work Guide. 1st ed. NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Chan, G. (2005) Koehler v Cerebos (Australia Ltd): Work Stress and Negligently Inflicted Psychiatric Illnesses. University of New South Wales Law Journal 47, 28(3) Freedland, M. (ed) (2016) The Contract of Employment. 1st ed. New York: Oxford university Press. Hor, R. (2005) Torts Special Issue: Case and Comment: Case Notes: Psychiatric Injury in the Workplace: The Implications of Koehler v Cerebos. The Sydney Law Review, 557. Jade (2004) Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd [2004] HCATrans 412. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/234380 [Accessed on 08/09/16] Lovric, K., and Hawthorne, E. (2016) Psychiatric Illness Claim. [Online] FindLaw Australia. Available from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/716/psychiatric-illness-claim.aspx [Accessed on 08/09/16] Swarb (2015) Sutherland v Hatton; Barber V Somerset County Council and Similar; CA 5 Feb 2002. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/sutherland-v-hatton-barber-v-somerset-county-council-and-similar-ca-5-feb-2002-3/ [Accessed on 08/09/16] Swarb (2016) Barber v Somerset County Council; HL 1 APR 2004. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/sutherland-v-hatton-barber-v-somerset-county-council-and-similar-ca-5-feb-2002-3/ [Accessed on 08/09/16] Teff, H. (2008) Causing Psychiatric and Emotional Harm:Reshaping the Boundaries of Legal Liability. Portland: Hart Publishing, pp 163-164